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The term Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) applies to various successive pieces of legislation enforced in India during British rule; the first enacted in 1871 as the ''Criminal Tribes Act, 1871'' applied mostly in North India. The Act was extended to Bengal Presidency and other areas in 1876, and, finally, with the ''Criminal Tribes Act, 1911'', it was extended to Madras Presidency as well. The Act went through several amendments in the next decade and, finally, the ''Criminal Tribes Act, 1924'' incorporated all of them.〔 The 1871 Act came into force, with the assent of the Governor-General of India on 12 October 1871.〔(Readings – Criminal Tribes Act (XXVII of 1871) ) ''Columbia University''.〕 Under the act, ethnic or social communities in India which were defined as "addicted to the systematic commission of non-bailable offences" such as thefts, were systematically registered by the government. Since they were described as 'habitually criminal', restrictions on their movements were also imposed; adult male members of such groups were forced to report weekly to the local police. At the time of Indian independence in 1947, there were thirteen million people in 127 communities who faced search and arrest if any member of the group was found outside the prescribed area.〔(Raj and Born Criminals ) ''Crime, gender, and sexuality in criminal prosecutions'', by Louis A. Knafla. Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. ISBN 0-313-31013-0. ''Page 124''.〕 The Act was repealed in August 1949 and former "criminal tribes" were denotified in 1952, when the Act was replaced with the Habitual Offenders Act 1952 of Government of India, and in 1961 state governments started releasing lists of such tribes.〔(Year of Birth – 1871: Mahasweta Devi on India's Denotified Tribes ) by Mahasweta Devi. ''indiatogether.org.''〕〔(Denotified and Nomadic Tribes in Maharashtra by Motiraj Rathod ) ''Harvard University''.〕 Today, there are 313 Nomadic Tribes and 198 Denotified Tribes of India,〔〔 yet the legacy of the past continues to haunt the majority of 60 million people belonging to these tribes, especially as their historical associations have meant not just alienation and stereotyping by the police and the media, but also economic hardships. A large number of them can still only subscribe to a slightly altered label, "Vimukta jaatis" or the Ex-Criminal Tribes.〔(Colonial Act still haunts denotified tribes: expert ) ''The Hindu'', 27 March 2008.〕〔(Injustice, go away: Phase Pardhis are one of India's denotified tribes but the authorities and society in general continue to think of them as criminals ) ''The Hindu'', Sunday, 1 June 2003.〕 ==Scope== Criminal Tribes Act was one of the many British colonial government passed laws that applied to Indians based on their religion and caste identification. The Criminal Tribes Act and its provisions used the term "Tribes", which included castes within their scope.〔 This terminology was preferred for various reasons, including Muslim sensitivities that considered castes by definition Hindu, and preferred "Tribes" a more generic term that included Muslims. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Criminal Tribes Act」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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